Martial Arts In Renaissance Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Martial Arts In Renaissance Europe - Essay Example The gathered evidences are either in the form of scriptures of paintings. It is important to mention the event of Gladiator, this event occurred in 260 BC in Rome. The gathered evidences depict the wrestling techniques which were practiced during old ages, and with specific tools for self-defence and offend were designed and used. As per historic record, the groups practiced special martial arts during crucial combats. The pictorial display of historic combats have indicated the compilation of drafts i.e. Bayeux Tapestry and Morgan Bible, which has exclusively listed the details of technique necessary for combat alongside the design of the tools. As per European history, a specific manual has been discovered which depicts the learning of martial arts, "extant dedicated martial arts manual is the MS I.33 (ca. 1300), detailing sword and buckler combat". The book has mentioned that during high and late middle ages, common martial arts included jousting, fencing system. It was unfolded t hat during the period of late Middle Ages, different books on martial arts and fighting i.e. Fechubucher were compiled, regarded as "instructional treatises" (Mangan, 2001). The history of affiliation between the Europe and martial arts is significant and bonded. The literal meaning of Martial means the arts of Mars, which Mars is the reference to the Roman god of battle. It is therefore justifiable to link the history of martial arts with Ancient Greece. The literature of martial arts has been gathered and compiled by the European historians, have originated from the tradition of Mediaeval and Renaissance Europe, the compilation is in the form of treatise which included details of the combat techniques. The Europe has history of political and local struggle against injustice and mutiny, therefore on several accounts the mention of martial arts have been observed, which in actual was intended to communicate the fundamentals of defence to the forces and public (Jane, 1995). The conte mporary martial arts have its origination from the tradition of Mediaeval and Renaissance Europe. Several schools have been identified which have identified specified nature of practices relevant to martial arts, out of these some schools have been categorised as Italian, Spanish, German and English style; however some schools have focused upon weapons combat, mainly related to sword. The important institute linked to the promulgation and promotion of martial arts inside Europe includes the Academy of European Swordsmanship, this school has researched upon traditional swordsmanship. The book has given the details of the classified information relevant to this specific practice of martial arts includes strikes, locks and breaks, throws, wrestling, and disarms. The nature of these martial arts is limited to weapon and self combat, however the nature of martial arts practiced during Renaissance focused much upon hand-to-hand combat. The martial arts practices which originated during pe riod of Renaissance have transformed into boxing and fencing. The core values of the martial arts related to the European period of Renaissance focused primarily upon defensive and combat techniques, specially "learning to defend against knives, empty hand, ground fighting, pole weapons and swords" (Mangan, 2001). Discussion There growing misconception among the public is regarded the origination of martial art

The role of accounting in the collapse or failure of Allco Essay

The role of accounting in the collapse or failure of Allco - Essay Example Causes of the Collapse of Allco Corporate collapse of Allco occurred like many other collapses but reasons of other collapses had been different than with Allco, which collapsed due to duality of the positions of the chairman and the CEO, the two topmost positions in the company, i.e., one of the chairman and the other of the chief executive were managed by the same person, by late David Coe. Media identified Coe as the executive chairman although later Bob Mansfield was the chairman and David Clarke, the chief executive (Walters, 2013). Financial environment worldwide was particularly not conducive otherwise but Allco suffered from the deficiency in corporate mechanism as board of corporate governance behaved like a private company. Criticality of Board Independence Board independence is very critical factor in the scheme of corporate things. The Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) has very clearly advised not to lead the two roles of chairman and chief executive officer by the dit to person. There has never been any ambiguity over this recommendation. Freedom of the board has been from the very beginning the leading principle of good corporate governance, as defined in the preamble of ASX. This issue is linked to the sound health of the capital markets, which has been central to the Australian economy. Take for example the case of Enron where the positions of the CEO and the chairman were managed by Kenneth Lay. Enron collapsed because of cheating and corruption of 18 years in securities (Walters, 2013). The same cannot be said about Allco that it cheated and practised corrupt practices but members of the board were found to be in compromising positions when it came to the issue of loan to one of its associate companies, the Allco Principles Trust (APT). Corporate Mechanism at Allco Former chief executive of Allco, David Clarke revealed the complicated corporate mechanism of the Company, which at one time had a market value of $5 billion and in 2008 it came r olling down to owing above $1 billion, affecting 50 related companies, facing settlement. The fall back in structured finance reduced the share price to almost half in late 2007. An associate company APT was given a loan of $50 million to ensure that margin calls do not bring down Allco share price. The leading shareholders of APT were holding senior executive level positions in Allco with Allco shares as capital (Lannin, 2010). Connection between Stock Prices and Earnings The relation between stock prices and earnings inspire managers to practice earning management. Generally, it is observed that public firms show increased discretionary accruals. Managers are additionally inspired to fulfil the stock market expectations of shareholders. They are motivated to leverage income before listing in stock market, for securing investors’ interests and outcomes of earning management can reflect on the capital market (Soffer et al., 2000). Functions of Allco Board A company’s b oard caters to the stakes of its shareholders, as executives are too busy in day-to-day management of the company. It is the responsibility of the chairperson to ensure that shareholders’ funds are invested to earn nice dividends. In the present condition, shareholders felt very unrelated and ignorant where their funds were invested and what role their super funds were playing in corporate governance (Walters, 2013).