Examining the Legal Issue of Copyright

Examining the Legal Issue of Copyright Introduction This essay is on the topic of Intellectual property and will be split into four parts. It will explain the law regarding copyright in the UK by using the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (CDPA 1988), it will begin by discussing the legal terminology original work and why copyright exists and the regulations of copyright in detail with regards to fixation and originality, the definition of fixed in line with the current law, the skill, labour and judgement test including cases to support the claims and economic rights that an owner has. Secondly by explaining the 3 main types of original work that are granted protection by this act and in addition, it will shed light on what consists of copying of the work and alternatives to copyright including adaptation of the work and what the copyright infringes. The source used to gain this information is from Contemporary Intellectual Property: Law and Policy, By Hector L. MacQueen, Charlotte Waelde, Graeme Laurie and Abbe Brown. The thir d part of this essay will critically evaluate the impact of internationalism in terms of digital technologies. It will assess the new challenges this presents Intellectual Property (IP) in terms of new innovations that will affect the consumers and industry. furthermore, it will discuss the impact this has on Intellectual property by using the Gowers Review of Intellectual Property to source the knowledge. Lastly the essay will examine the case on Liam and Aleesha in terms of copyright and explain what infringements of copyright have occurred using relevant cases to reinforce the arguments that are made. Main body Copyright in its early stages was implemented to control the output of printers once the technology was invented and recognised in the 15th century. Before the era of printing, writing could only be duplicated by the process of manually copying out the work [1]. The UK formed the Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 to give creators of literary, dramatical, musical and artistic work ranging from sound recordings, films and broadcasts [2] protection and the right to regulate the way their work is used. For copyright to exist in work it must be original and fixed. The fixation or fixed term means that the work must be recorded in writing or otherwise [3] this includes and form or notion of code, either by hand or otherwise and regardless of the method by which or medium in which it is recorded [4]. Original or originality is not defined by the CDPA 1988, it is required that the work was originated from the author and not copied from another work. The work does not have to be different, it depends on the way the work was created. For example, a mobile phone application that embodies the same idea as another however has a different look and feel to the user is considered as original work. For copyright to exist in terms of literary, musical, dramatical, or artistic work, it must qualify as work. Work is determined by the amount of skill, labour and judgement that has gone into creating it. This means that the author of the work is the individual who has put the most skill, labour and made the most judgements on the work. However there have been some discrepancies in this as there are differences in opinion on how much skill, labour and judgement is required. In terms of case law for work one must look at the case of Hyperion records v Sawkins. Sawkins (S) had created new performing editions of four of his works. In total this work took 300 hours and that involved S making 3000 editorial interventions to the works. In October 2002, Hyperion Records (H) produced a CD featuring performances of the four performing editions that Sawkins created. H said that S was not entitled to copyright in these editions as editor should not obtain copyright in non-copyright work. It was held that the skill and time that S invested in making the works was enough to make them original, H had infringed S as he did not identify him as author. There are 8 types of original work recognised by the CDPA 1988. Literary works, dramatic works, musical and artistic works, sound recordings, films, broadcasts and typographical arrangements of published editions but for this essay we will only be explaining the main 3. Literary work is any work other than a dramatic or musical work, which is written, spoken or sung [5]. Literary works can consist of technological work such as software, databases and computer programs. In Anacon Corp Ltd v Environmental Research Technology it was found that circuit diagrams from which circuit boards are made into literary work as well as artistic work as the writing on the diagram is meant to be read and not just to be appreciated by eye. Dramatical work includes a dance or a mime [6]. However, there is debate on whether this includes television and films for example in Norowzian v Arks Ltd (N0 2) where N had created a film called joy which includes a man dancing with a plain backdrop, which was edited heavily. The defendants produced an advert for Guinness called anticipation that used a man dancing in a similar fashion and was edited similarly. It was held that the work couldnt be dramatic work as it cannot be performed in front of a live audience. Musical work consists of music, exclusive to any words or action intended to be sung spoken or preformed with the music [7]. A small number of notes and chords are enough for copyright protection as seen in Lawson v Dundas the four-note theme is enough to be protected by The CDPA 1988. Once original work is present, one must then determine authorship and ownership of the work. Authorship is the person who creates the work.[8] In the case of Walter v lane (1900) it was said that the author is the individual who has extended the necessary effort, skill and labour in creating the work. There is also a possibility of joint authorship where two or more authors have collaborated and the contribution of the authors cannot be distinguished.[9] Ownership of the work generally falls to the author who is in most cases the first owner of a copyright work. A clear example of this can be seen in Griggs group v Evans (2005) where Griggs who are the manufacturers of the footwear Doc Martens they hired an ad agency to create a logo which would combine two of their existing trademarks Airwair and Dr Martens, Evans was hired by the agency to create the logo. Evans assigned copyright to a Australian company who used it on their own products. It was held that the right to use the logo and to exclude others from using it belonged to the belonged to the client and not the designer. The CDPA 1988 states that the copyright owner has the only right to copy the work, issue copies of said work, rent out or lend the work to the public, preform, show or play the work in public, communicate the work in public and to make an adaptation of the work.[10] Copying the work comprises of the reproduction of the work in any material form and storing of the work in any medium by electronical means for instance taking a picture or scanning a document or recording live music to a digital format equates to copying. On the other hand, similar works do not infringe copyright as there must be a connection that the work is derived from the claimants. In Francis Day Hunter v Bron the defendant had produced a song called Why the claimant argued that the first 8 bars in the song were reproduced from their son called in a little Spanish town. The courts held that there must be a causal connection between the works and that the similarity must be sufficient and objective. Adaptation in terms of copyright differs from copying as it only applies to the literary, dramatical and musical works. This includes dramatisations and translations. Although there is a connection with copying, it is not as specific as adaptation. In Harman pictures v Osborne the claimants argued that the film created by Osborne copied a historical book, though there were parts that were different it was held that the similarities of incidents and situations suggested that they were both based on the same historical event. Impact of internationalism of digital technologies As we know the laws on copyright are outdated and are not up to par with this time as technology grows and we approach the age of online information, where ideas are spread internationally and very quickly. It is important that the IP laws are adequate to deal with the ever-growing digital technology as there are more ways to share goods and services. For example, the effect on the film and music industry due to growing technologies is having a great impact as films and music are pirated online and are accessed very easily and shared. This is causing a great loss for the industry as much as 20% of their annual turnover[11]. This creates challenges as it will affect jobs in addition it will have a detrimental effect on the industry in the UK as it is cheaper to reproduce this work using the internet which does not require cost. An argument made by Andrew Gowers in Gowers Review of Intellectual Property is that the infringement on IP in the digital world need to be more stern as the pe nalties are softer for digital cases then civil cases[12]. This will prevent IP infringement digitally where it is most common also we can give the power to enforce IP infringements to trading standards. Since the creation of the CDPA 1988 there have been numerous technological advancements, the problems this creates for IP are that it is easier now to copy or reproduce work and share it then it has ever been making it easier for the circulation of reproduced or counterfeit goods like songs in the form of MP3 files without the owners permission. In addition, new technologies do not fit into the scope of original work that is stated by the CDPA 1988 this causes confusion as it is not alike standard definitions of work, for example genetics or medicine. Copyright for Liam Aleesha Firstly, originality and fixation must be established in the work for copyright to exist, it can be determined that Liams work is fixed as he records the music and has it uploaded to the bands website to share to his fans, it can also be determined that the work is original as Liam writes his own music and lyrics. Secondly, the work is determined by the Skill, labour and judgement test. In terms of Liam he has put his skills of writing the music and lyrics for the band and has shown that he put is the labour as well as he writes all the bands songs, only a small portion is provided by the other members which includes Aleesha. From this information, it is determined that Liam is the author of the work as he is putting in the most effort, skill, labour and judgement into it. As seen in the case of Walter v Lane (1900) where it was said that the author of a work is one who extends the necessary effort, skill, labour and judgement in the work. Aleesha would not be a joint owner as her contribution is distinguished as a small portion. From this It can easily be decided that Liam is the owner of the music and lyrics. Thirdly it must establish whether there has been a copying of the work. In this case Robbie, has copied Liams work as he has digitally sampled his music without the right of the owner (Liam) it states in the CDPA 1988 that copying of the work includes the reproduction of the work in any material form. It can be said that there is a casual connection as the music is sampled directly from Musik Dynamites work. In addition, the case of Lawson v Dundas further reinforces the argument as it was established that as little as 4 chords or notes are sufficient for copyright. Also from the information gathered it can establish that the owner (Liam) has not given consent to Robbie or Aleesha for them to use or sample his music as it doesnt state otherwise. From this information, a strong argument is made that an infringement of copyright has occurred. Conclusion In conclusion, this essay has thoroughly clarified on what copyright is in terms of the CDPA 1988 and given relevant cases to illustrate points made demonstrating legal knowledge. It has explained legal terminologies and defined them in junction with the CDPA 1988 and has clearly described what copyright infringes. Furthermore, it has discussed the growing impact of internationalism in digital technologies. In summary from the research conducted the law regarding IP needs updating in terms of new technological advancements to keep up with the protection of work as It would affect sectors such as the film and music industry negatively. Finally, the essay has examined the case of Liam v Aleesha and Robbie and has concluded that Aleesha and Robbie have infringed copyright by sampling music by Musik Dynamite without the right of Liam who is the author and owner of the music. Bibliography Books Gowers A, Gowers Review of Intellectual Property, HM Treasury 2006 MacQueen H, Contemporary Intellectual Property: 2nd edition Law and Policy 2010 Patterson, L. R., Copyright in Historic Perspective, Vanderbilt University Press, 1968 Cases Anacon Corp Ltd v Environmental Research Technology [1994] FSR 659 Francis Day Hunter v Bron [1963] Ch. 587 Griggs group v Evans [2003] EWHC 2914 (Ch) Harman pictures v Osborne [1967] 1 WLR 723 Hyperion records v Sawkins [2005] EWCA Civ 565 Lawson v Dundas [1985] The Times 13 Norowzian v Arks Ltd Anor (No. 2) [1999] EWCA Civ 3014 Walter v Lane [1900] AC 539 Legislation The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 [1] Copyright in Historical Perspective, p. 136-137, Patterson, 1968. [2] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s.1(1)(a) [3] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s.3 (2) [4] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s.178 [5] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s. 3 [6] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s. 3(1) [7] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s. 3 [8] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s.9 (1) [9] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s.10 (1) [10] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s.16 [11] Andrew Gowers, Gowers Review of Intellectual Property p.3 [12] Andrew Gowers, Gowers Review of Intellectual Property p.4

Homework Is Bad

Homework is harmful to my health? When I first read the topic, a big question mark appeared in my mind. I haven’t thought that homework is harmful to my health because I have been taught that doing homework is students’ duty. However, in my opinion, too much homework is really harmful to my health according to the following reasons. First of all, too much homework exhausts brains and bodies, so I can’t have a good rest.I stay in school almost ten hours from 7 a. m. to 5 p. m. on weekdays. When getting home, I am extremely tired, but I still have to cheer up to finish daily homework. As a result, I don’t have any time to take a rest. Second, too much homework leads to insufficient sleep. I have different homework from different subjects. Take me for example, as a second grader in senior high school, on average I usually spend 2 or 3 hours on homework every day.When having lots of homework to do, I will stay up late to complete homework. Unfortunately, I sti ll have to get up early next morning, so I can’t get enough sleep. Third, too much homework causes stress, especially so-called difficult homework. When I can’t solve difficult problems by myself, such as problems in math, chemistry, and physics, I am absolutely obsessed with these difficult problems and then they become my heavy burdens and pressure.Fourth, doing too much homework makes eyes extremely tired and eventually it may cause near-sighted. I wear glasses because I ignore the importance of right gestures and bright light while doing homework. According to these above reasons, I firmly believe that too much homework is harmful to my health. Although too much homework may be harmful to my health, adequate homework is beneficial to my studies. After all, doing homework is one of my duties.

A Report On The Fire - 924 Words

Written Assignment #1 1. Risk: Risk is identified by each situation that could potentially bring harm to the town, and that may bring damage if the risk is very hazardous. a. In Stone Park even though we are a small community, we have a serious water pressure issue with the water that supplies the fire hydrants. This community could have problems when fighting a fire and not being supplied enough water, therefore, the fire could grow quickly due to not enough water. Our village did talk to the city of Chicago about this issue, there has to be ways that we could fix this, either by a miniature water tower or by possibly examining the water line to survey if there is derby in the pipes. The community is aware of this issue, additionally they are trying to find a way to fix this problem. One way the fire department can work around this issue is by putting down a long length of hose to receive water that will not affected by the first connection to the hydrant that has been made. 2. Community risk: This risk is specific to each community; community risk includes all risks that could potentially happen within their community. a. In Stone Park, we have three major roadways that have added an enormous amount of risk due to the high chance of multiple care accidents with the high volume of traffic. In addition, there are two younger aged schools in the village. This can pose a risk if a fire had happened within the building, due to there can be some children that would hide andShow MoreRelatedA Report On The Fire1451 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION This is a report compiled by Musawenkosi Nkabinde a student at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University while conducting practicals in the kingdom of Swaziland at a company called Montigny Forest Products. 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Jared Author: Steven Pressfield Publisher: Turtleback Books Published: 1999 This book is about the Spartans warrior culture and how it ties into the Marine Corps values, and the present day warrior culture of our Marine Corps. My opinion on this book is that it is a great and interesting read that captures the attention of the reader and ties in ideally to our Marine Corps values. It depicts perfectly on what it is to be aRead MoreA Report On Fire Protection Engineers1744 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen developed by architects and connecting more than 2 or three floors closed at the top to provide attractive space for the occupants. However atria present a big challenge for fire protection engineers as the automatic sprinkler system may be useless in atria with height more than 15 meter because the possibility of fire occurs at the atrium and sprinkler system not activated because the smoke temperature may be less than activation temperature of automatic sprinklers. 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After the fire was extinguished the firefighters were about to return to quarters when their attention was called to smoke emanating from the Cocoanut Grove Nightclub a few doors away. Upon their arrival at the entrance of the Broadway lounge on Broadway theyRead MoreReport on Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Fire Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesAt 2215 hrs, on November 28, 1942, Fire Alarm Headquarters from Box 1514, situated at Stuart and Carver streets, received an alarm. When the responding apparatus arrived they found a small car fire at the corner of Stuart St reet and Broadway. After the fire was extinguished the firefighters were about to return to quarters when their attention was called to smoke emanating from the Cocoanut Grove Nightclub a few doors away. Upon their arrival at the entrance of the Broadway lounge on Broadway theyRead MoreCatching Fire Book Report (Middle School) Essay1990 Words   |  8 PagesCATCHING FIRE By Suzanne Collins Catching Fire is an action-fiction book by Suzanne Collins. It is 391 pages long and was published by Scholastic Press  © 2009. Catching Fire begins a few months after Katniss and Peeta won the 74th Hunger Games. Katniss is recovering from the Hunger Games and getting ready for the Victory Tour, an event where the victor of the last Hunger Games tours each of the twelve districts and the Capitol, ending with their home district. Before they leaveRead MoreVolunteer Fire Fighter Dies While Lost in Residential Structure Fire628 Words   |  3 PagesVolunteer Fire Fighter Dies While Lost in Residential Structure Fire Explain the issues that lead to his fatality --- During the month of October, 2008 we lost another fire fighter in a residential structure fire. 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What Motivated the Mongol Conquests of Genghis Khan

Early in the thirteenth century, a band of Central Asian nomads led by an orphaned former slave rose up and conquered more than nine million square miles of Eurasia.  Genghis Khan led his Mongol hordes out of the steppe to create the largest contiguous empire the world has ever seen. What sparked this sudden fit of conquest? Three main factors drove the creation of the Mongol Empire. The Jin Dynasty The first factor was Jin Dynasty interference in steppe battles and politics. The Great Jin (1115–1234) were of nomadic descent themselves, being ethnic Jurchen (Manchu), but their empire quickly became to a degree Sinicized—the rulers adopted Chinese Han-style politics to secure their own positions of power but also adjusted parts of the Han system to suit their needs. The Jjin Dynasty realm covered northeastern China, Manchuria, and up into Siberia. The Jin played their tributary tribes such as the Mongols and Tatars against one another to divide and rule them. The Jin initially supported the weaker Mongols against the Tatars, but when the Mongols began to grow stronger, the Jin switched sides in 1161. Nonetheless, Jin support had given the Mongols the boost they needed to organize and arm their warriors.   When Genghis Khan began his rise to power, the Jin were intimidated by the Mongols might  and agreed to reform their alliance. Genghis had a personal score to settle with the Tatars, who had poisoned his father. Together, the Mongols and Jin crushed the Tatars in 1196, and the Mongols absorbed them. The Mongols later attacked and brought down the Jin Dynasty in 1234. The Need for Spoils of War The second factor in Genghis Khans success and that of his descendants was the need for spoils. As nomads, the Mongols had a relatively spare material culture—but they enjoyed the products of settled society, such as silk cloth, fine jewelry, etc. To retain the loyalty of his ever-growing army, as the Mongols conquered and absorbed neighboring nomadic armies, Genghis Khan and his sons had to continue to sack cities. His followers were rewarded for their valor with luxury goods, horses, and slaves seized from the cities they conquered. The two factors above would likely have motivated the Mongols to establish a large, local empire in the eastern steppe, like many others before and after their time. Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad However, a quirk of history and personality produced the third factor, which led the Mongols to invade lands from Russia and Poland to Syria and Iraq. The personality in question was that of Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad, ruler of the Khwarezmid Empire in what is now Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Genghis Khan sought a peace and trade agreement with the Khwarezmid shah; his message read: I am master of the lands of the rising sun, while you rule those of the setting sun. Let us conclude a treaty of friendship and peace. Shah Muhammad accepted this treaty, but when a Mongol trade caravan arrived in the Khwarezmian city of Otrar in 1219, the Mongol traders were massacred, and their goods were stolen. Alarmed and angry, Genghis Khan sent three diplomats to Shah Muhammad to demand restitution for the caravan and its drivers. Shah Muhammad responded by cutting off the Mongol diplomats heads—a grave breach of Mongol law—and sending them back to the Great Khan. As it happened, this was one of the worst ideas in history. By 1221, Genghis and his Mongol armies had killed Shah Muhammad, chased his son into exile in India, and utterly destroyed the once-mighty Khwarezmid Empire.   Genghis Khans Sons Genghis Khans four sons feuded during the campaign, leading their father to send them in different directions once the Khwarezmids were conquered.  Jochi went north  and founded the Golden Horde that would rule Russia. Tolui turned south and sacked Baghdad, the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate. Genghis Khan appointed his third son, Ogodei, as his successor, and ruler of the Mongol homelands. Chagatai was left to rule over Central Asia, consolidating the Mongol victory over Khwarezmid lands. Thus, the Mongol Empire arose as a result of two typical factors in steppe politics—Chinese imperial interference and the need for plunder—plus one quirky personal factor. Had Shah Muhammads manners been better, the western world might never have learned to tremble at the name of Genghis Khan. Sources and Further Reading Aigle, Denise. The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History. Leiden: Brill, 2014.  Amitai, Reuven and David Orrin Morgan. The Mongol Empire and its Legacy. Leiden: Brill, 1998.  Pederson, Neil, et al. Pluvials, Droughts, the Mongol Empire, and Modern Mongolia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.12 (2014): 4375–79. Print.Prawdin, Michael. The Mongol Empire: Its Rise and Legacy. London: Routledge, 2017.  Schneider, Julia. The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors. Journal of Song-Yuan Studies.41 (2011): 343–404. Print.

Dress For Success School Uniforms - 899 Words

Dress for Success? School Uniforms Tureicka McClendon Louisiana College Educational Leadership ED 600 Dr. Amy Craig Dr. Marion Skiles September 19, 2015 Dress for Success? School Uniforms Purpose of the Study School Uniforms has an everlasting effect on some students. Weather it is in the classroom or out in public. This study debates the diverse effect that school uniform has on student achievement, attendance, and behavior (Gentile Imberman, 2012 pg. 1). Often students and parents are so caught up on school uniform or dress code for a fashion statement, they tend to forget the true meaning of education. Today a very large portion of public schools has adopted dress school into the school curriculum. How was the Study Conducted? The data were collected from a large metropolitan school district in the southwest United States (LUSD-SW). The author used two sets of data collection, the first fixed data came from administrative archives (1993-2006). Which consisted of all students demographic, test scores, disciplinary and attendance records. Testing facts included student’s scaled scores on the Stanford Achievement Test (9th 10th editions). Discipline facts involved of any students who received as a punishment ISI (in school suspension) or OSS (out of school suspension). Attendance facts comprised of student complete attendance report. The second fixed data entail a three questions mailed or e-mail questionnaire to all school principals in the LUSD-SWShow MoreRelatedSchool Uniform Policies Around The World905 Words   |  4 Pages High school students are seen walking down their school’s hallways wearing baggy sweat pants, tight revealing clothing, or outrageous piercings and hair colors. Would you feel confident in your student’s principle wore fitted tank tops and joggers whenever he or she pleased? Approximately one in five schools enforce a dress code, becoming common in America in the mid-1990s (â€Å"School Uniforms.†). Regulating what is acceptable for students to wear is a growing issue, because of the new society basedRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms1422 Words   |  6 PagesCatholic elementary school, middle school, and high school. I found it easier to attend and focus on school when wearing the same clothes as everyone else. Today, tiny southern towns even to the na tions largest cities, public school uniforms have become so common this year that in many areas, they are no longer the exception, but the rule (Lewin â€Å"Dress for Success: Public School Uniforms†). Imagine a parent’s comfort in knowing their child was being treated as an equal at school each and every dayRead MoreSchool Uniforms1707 Words   |  7 PagesSCHOOL UNIFORMS In his hopes to create an atmosphere in our school that promotes discipline and order and learning, President William Jefferson Clinton stated, I believe we should give strong support to school districts that decide to require young students to wear school uniforms. He cited several incidents where students desire for anothers fashionable attire has led to extreme forms of violence (Clinton 1996). This exemplifies one of the many implications of a necessity for school uniformsRead MoreEssay about Incorporating Uniforms into Our School1035 Words   |  5 Pages2013, â€Å"Uniforms will reduce bullying, teasing and disruption while also being a cheaper alternative for poor parents who struggle every year to afford new school clothes for their children†(Esack). Much like the Allentown Area School District, incorporating uniforms needs to be a priority for Pen Argyl High School. Not only will students have better attendance once uniforms are required, but one can also expect sch ool achievement to increase. The enacting of a uniform rule by the Pen Argyl School DistrictRead MoreHigh School Should Not Dress Codes1426 Words   |  6 PagesHigh School should not have dress codes. Dress codes are going to be broken no matter what. Kids like to express their feelings through music, their rooms and you guessed it their clothing. Yes some kids go over the top with their clothing but if your going to punish anybody then punish them. But with that I think high school should have dress codes. With great freedom comes great responsibility. If you want to be the center of attention then go somewhere else and do that. School is for learningRead MorePerceptions Of Dress Codes On Academic Performance And Student Behavior Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pages Perceptions of Dress Codes Impact on Academic Performance and Student Behavior EDR610 Course Final Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, Arizona The purpose of this case study is to further understand the relationship between student academic achievement and behavior and school dress codes. This study is being undertaken because the implementation of dress codes and school uniforms has never been more contentious in America today. Some schools see inconsistent results in termsRead MoreSchool Uniforms Persuasive Essay1001 Words   |  5 PagesMake a Difference? If schools could automatically have more safety, a stronger sense of unity within students, and higher self esteem for every individual student at a minimal cost without transgressing any laws, or stepping over students rights it is doubtful that many would turn up their nose to all of these things. There is no difference between this situation and the benefits that school dress codes would provide. While the majority of public schools do not require uniforms, the ones that do reportRead MoreArgument Against School Uniforms993 Words   |  4 Pagesfor school? School uniform is what makes it easy! A set of clothing that is mainly worn, school uniform is one of the schools policy and recommendation. Generally worn in elementary and middle school, this outfit is composed of specific colors of long or short pants and shirts for boys, sometimes with a tie. Girls usually wear a dress or a blouse worn either with a skirt or pants, all however have the same colors. This dress code determine s even the type of shoes that should be worn at school. SchoolRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms979 Words   |  4 PagesThe age old argument of whether or not uniforms and dress codes should be enforced in schools seems to never conclude. The issue of appropriate clothing in schools is controversial and provoking. Many argue that abolishing a student’s choice in their attire violates their freedom of expression. Students use what they wear to express themselves; their clothing gives them a sense of a unique style and identity. Others argue that permitting students to wear whatever clothing they like can create unnecessaryRead MoreAlexandra White. March 20, 2017. Mr.Allen. F Period. Dress1279 Words   |  6 PagesAlexandra White March 20, 2017 Mr.Allen F Period Dress for success? Or dress for Controversy? Is it better to have students expressing themselves through clothing, or instituting a dress code, hoping they will focus on studies? Many studies have had evidence for both ideas. School dress codes have been controversial ever since teenagers have been interested in fashion. Some people agree with the strict dress codes, and others disagree. School dress codes date all the way back to the 1920’s. According

Night Creature Hunter’s Moon Chapter 6 Free Essays

I stood beneath the flare of the electric lights, horrified at what I’d nearly done. There was a reason I wasn’t supposed to kill them unless I saw them change, a reason I’d forgotten. Mistakes could be made, even by the most dedicated agent. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now If I killed an innocent human being, that would make me no better than the animals I hunted. I hated them, but right now I hated myself. â€Å"What’s the matter?† Damien lowered his hand to my shoulder, gave it a reassuring squeeze. Why he was being so nice to me I had no idea. I certainly didn’t deserve it – even without the gun in my pants. â€Å"Nothing.† â€Å"You went white. Are you sick?† Very. â€Å"No. The light’s just too bright. Hurts my eyes.† â€Å"I’ll change the bulb for you.† He released me and stepped back so I could enter the room. â€Å"Not much to it.† He swept out an arm. â€Å"Bed, television, bath through there.† I nodded, taking in the tiny sink, refrigerator, and coffeepot that made up the kitchen. Good thing I didn’t cook. â€Å"I’ll just get that low-watt bulb.† He moved toward the door. â€Å"It’s downstairs.† â€Å"Thanks. Damien?† He paused in the doorway. â€Å"I appreciate your help.† He smiled, though the expression didn’t reach his eyes. Now that I thought of it, his smile was rare and always a little bit sad – as if he had memories he couldn’t quite shake. Like me. â€Å"No problem. The new kids in town have to stick together.† I stiffened. â€Å"You’re new?† â€Å"Just moved in about three few weeks ago.† When the dead wolves had started to appear. Coincidence? My eyes fell to the ring on his right hand. Probably. â€Å"I thought you owned this place.† â€Å"I only work here.† â€Å"The owner?† â€Å"Lives in Tucson.† â€Å"Lucky him.† He tilted his head and his hair swung free. My fingers itched to tuck it behind his ear. Why did I always have to tidy everything? The man, his hair, the world. â€Å"You don’t like Crow Valley?† â€Å"I haven’t been in town long enough to decide.† â€Å"It’s not so bad. I’ve seen worse.† â€Å"You travel a lot?† He shrugged. â€Å"Enough.† His eyes had gone dark and haunted again. I wanted to ask what enough was, but the way he held himself, as if he was waiting for a blow or warding off a memory, made me stop. â€Å"I’ll get that bulb,† he said, and practically ran from the room. I seemed to have that effect on men since I changed occupations. Once I’d been popular, pretty, the annoy-ingly pert cheerleader type. Hell, I’d been a cheerleader, in both high school and college. I’d dated the quarterback, planned on marrying him, too. Until he’d gotten his throat ripped out. Then a whole lot of things had changed. I’d started killing for a living, and men avoided me like a lifetime commitment. Sometimes I wondered if what I did clung to me like a bad odor, or a permanent blot on my creamy white skin. Mostly I didn’t care. I didn’t want sex any more than I wanted friendship. A relationship? Ha. I had better things to do. So why was I thinking of how delectable Damien Fitzgerald had looked barefoot and bare chested beneath the silver light of the moon? Because I’d lost what was left of my mind. Maybe he wasn’t a werewolf, but that didn’t make him fair game. Any connection with me could get him killed – badly. It had happened before. Despite his taut pecs and bulging biceps, he was out of his league in my world. He’d be meat to them, and I couldn’t let that happen. When I heard his steps on the stairs, I went out and took the bulb from his fingers. â€Å"Thanks. I’ll take care of it.† The sharp dismissal in my voice caused a flicker of hurt to cross his face, before he squashed it and let the stoic mask drop. With a nod, he returned to the bar. I had to force myself not to call him back, not to follow him and apologize. He’d been nothing but kind to me and I’d blown him off. Even though it was for his own good, I still felt like a shit. I changed the bulb, for appearances’ sake, then glanced at my watch. Midnight. The bar beneath my feet was starting to rock. No one would notice me slipping away. No one would care. But after what had happened tonight, I was nervous. Had I lost my touch? My edge? Maybe I should take some time off, as Will had suggested. Even so, I felt naked without all my guns, so I hurried to my car, retrieved every one that I had, as well as my travel bag, then hustled up to my apartment. As I reached the landing, the distant, eerie cry of a wolf split the night. I slammed the door and locked it behind me. Was I locking them out or myself in? I wasn’t sure, and that worried me. I’d spent a little time on the other side of sane, and I didn’t want to return. I stowed my rifle, my bag, then sat down and had a good long talk with myself. I had almost screwed up. It happened. However, if I got sidetracked, if I got spooked, they would win and a whole lot of innocent people would lose. I’d take tonight off. Get some sleep. Go back to work tomorrow with a clear head and a clearer plan. That decided, I checked the locks, the windows, my ammo. I should have checked my dreams – at the door. I didn’t mean to fall asleep before the sun came up. I planned to do some Internet research, make a few calls, catch up on my paperwork. But the traveling, the stress, the steady beat of the music from the bar downstairs must have combined to lull me from my intentions. Once asleep, I went where I hadn’t been in quite a while. Nightmares were nothing new to me. I lived with them even in the daytime. But I usually hunted the darkness away, slept in the light. I’d found that this kept the bloody trips down memory lane to a minimum. In this dream, I was twenty-two again. Fresh out of school with a brand-new job teaching ABCs. I loved everything about kids – their innocence, their interest, their trusting cherubic faces. I loved them and I wanted some of my own. Which was where Jimmy Renquist came in. We’d met as juniors at Northern Kansas University. I’d been leading the cheer â€Å"Go, fight, win. Yay,† when Jimmy had been thrown out-of-bounds by a Neanderthal defensive lineman from Fresno. He’d landed on top of me. â€Å"I’m sorry. I’m sorry,† he kept repeating as he helped me up and brushed me off. â€Å"Are you all right? I didn’t hurt you, did I?† â€Å"Renquist, get your ass back in the game!† the coach shouted. He’d shrugged, winked, and smiled at me. I was lost from that moment on. Jimmy was sweet, strong, smart. He loved kids, too. He planned to become a phys ed teacher. He would have if he hadn’t fallen in love with me. Even in the dream my mind shied at the memory of what I’d done to bring the horror down upon us. In the way of nightmares, the scene shifted to Sunday dinner at my parents’ house. Telling them the wedding date, showing Mom the ring, having her weep with joy and hug me tight. My last sight of Jimmy – whole – had been of him smiling that smile I loved as he shook hands with my dad. My little sister – Mom and Dad’s midlife oops – was five years old. My seventeen-year-old brother was home, too. Everyone was grinning when the first wolf crashed through the picture window. Jimmy shoved my dad aside, threw himself in front of me. The wolf, a huge white male, hit him in the chest and tore out his throat in a single, practiced motion. The rest of us might have been OK if we’d run immediately – blockaded a door, found a gun, maybe some silver bullets. Who am I kidding? We were goners from the moment the window shattered, if not before. But it’s hard to move when something like that happens in your dining room. Normal people don’t react well to sudden death, and we were so normal it was pitiful. We stood there watching as the great white wolf ate Jimmy. We stood there in shock as the room filled with others. Later I understood that the pack had behaved with true pack mentality. Cull the herd, survival of the fittest, only the good die young. My sister went next. The nightmare continued as I watched my family die one by one. I was too shocked to wonder why I was left for last. Too horrified and sick to notice that the wolves didn’t look exactly like wolves. Then the white wolf, fur pink with blood, turned to me. The others parted, let him come. I stared into his eyes, and I knew who he was. How to cite Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 6, Essay examples

Power in the USA Today

Question: Write an essay on power in the USA today? Answer: The demise of the cold war in the 1990s marked the rise of the United States of America (Davis 2015). The rise to supremacy was partly supported by the whole world's acceptance of America as a leader of the nations. Its position in global politics and geopolitics has also contributed to the elevation. America plays a central role in global politics and has a strong hold on the geopolitics of the international system (Carton 2014). Its centralized position as a superpower implies its important position in the international arena. It will not be wrong to call it the grandmaster of international affairs. America believes that modern day world is too complex for direct democracy, and that is why good decisions are to be made by elected representatives instead. In this essay, we discuss the division of power in America and its position in the global arena in the modern age and time. The global system is not ideal; instead, it is unstable as well as anarchic. The essay has a critical edge and discusses the standpoint of the USA in today's day and time. At times, the country seems to be in a state of chaos with a hyper-partisanized government that can barely control the situation. Then America and its government rise to the occasion and save the day to retain its position as the financial, corporate, geopolitical and political leader of the nations (Rachman 2012). This essay discusses the role of America in maintaining the global standards in the world. The continuous chatter about the inevitable ebb of the United States power has become customary. Everybody knows that the US is going to fall and every week more bad news about the United States power paradigm seems to confirm this notion. The country has turned into an ungovernable mess with a disorganized hyperactive Congress, government shutdowns, and slow economic recovery after the sump season and NSA spy scandal (Smith 2012). This is not organized chaos. America is ranked 24th in the economy while Americans are ranked 11th in Happiness (Kawa 2013). The facts are not very encouraging. A study conducted on eighth graders revealed that a small percentage of American students have excellent hold of advanced mathematics and in comparison to American students, students from South Korea and Singapore had far higher ratings. However, the picture was not the same a decade or two ago. The shift of power from bipolar to unipolar power system induced the rise of America and enhanced the super power image of the nation (Xuetong 2013). Incidentally, the power shift boosted capitalism and globalization. This gave rise to an imaginary notion of world unity. America's continued thirst for power, domination, and organization gave rise to the umbrella effect wherein every country other than America is under the assumed safety limits of America. Even so, the picture has barely changed after decades. The United States is still the world leader and will likely remain so for the next few decades. The greatest soft power is in its hands. Millions of immigrants with different skills, tools and techniques come to the country every year. There is the Silicon Valley, biggest movie sector in Hollywood, some of the best universities and colleges for higher education, 17 out of 20 top universities in the world are from America, and the country has a first world trade profile (Forbes.com 2016). However, the power structure of the country has not changed a lot in the modern times. C. Wright Mills' book the Power Elite rightly defines America's power structure as an elitist fundamentalist. The book was published in 1956; those were simpler times, but the structure remains the same. According to the book and according to the musings of Karl Marx, relatively small groups of people who own the big factories and control the natural resources govern capitalist and industrial societies like America. The government officials are essentially working under their command. They have no control over the workings of the nation, as they do not control the money. As represented by the Mills model, the power structure could be illustrated as a pyramid at the top of which are the rich corporate leaders followed by the influential high-end government and military officials. Following the triumvirate are the local opinion holding leaders, people from the legislative branch of the government, special interest groups and their leaders. The bottom of the pyramid and the society is governed by clueless unorganized masses (Whitfield 2014). This was the power structure in the yesteryears and this s the truth of today. So, in spite of a weak capitalist infrastructure why is America's Supremacy still unchallenged? Well, it is not unchallenged, and China can prove that. But there are some methods used in establishing the supremacy and demolishing the structure of the methods is not easy. Firstly, in the 1990s, USA established a degree of economic, political and military supremacy that is a rare sight in the modern power system (Mingst and Arregun-Toft 2013). The supremacy was built on longtime undisputed economic stability and continued growth. Abetting the situation was an advantageous geographical location and collapse of Americas longtime competitor. The rest of the world chose to go along to get along with the rising superpower. Not only that, the US military was constructed to be effectively unbeatable in any conflict that put the US in danger. The government built the military based on effective well-financed military training and force protection (Tang and Long 2012). However, that did not give the US military the power to achieve its political goals forcefully, but it sure did provide them with the power to put other nations military in check. However, the idea then was that this amount of power would eventually fade as it was the byproduct of World War II. The neoconservatives did not believe that America's military supremacy needed to fade anytime soon. Several steps were taken to maintain the nation's superior state. In spite of the plan, an execution was harder than ever. The plan did not consider the potential of India and China to become more ingrained in the political, economic and geopolitical structure of the world. Both the countries were enjoying continuous long-term economic growth and overcoming the effects of the hardship they had to bear with during the cold war (Ong 2013). Both the economies were becoming irreplaceable parts of the global system. Either USA had to convince the two countries to play nice or maintain a military supremacy over both the countries. It was difficult; more so because America had to ensure against the revival of the military and economic power or Eurasia. It all worked out pretty well for the United States, though. Germany and Japan have remained relatively harmless and docile for the following decades; India is more interested in an alignment with the USA than a conflict and Russia is struggling to control its borderlines. The main threat now is China with a sustained economic growth, remarkable military line, advanced technological forefront and advantageous geopolitical position. Nevertheless, China has only started to probe the military and political weaknesses of the United States of America. The Asian country is more focused on its own betterment and less focused on acquiring a supreme status (Nathan and Scobell 2012). The gap is diminishing today. Although the USA still has economic, political and geopolitical upper hand, the other countries are closing in. The 1990s were weird so the supreme power thrust that America felt at the time were ephemeral and the shrinking gap today is a sign of normalcy. However, the question is neither about unipolarity nor primacy (Pape 2014). The American power structure has not changed since the 90s but has persisted through all these decades. Actually, there is no question at all. America cannot ever feel as invulnerable as in the 1990s. That was a different time altogether. The United State's position is once again in turbulence. Although the nation is feeling incomparably powerful and secure, the picture can change at any time. Even though the nation is enjoying unchallenged military supremacy, sheer arrogance is blocking its rational view. Not that some comeuppance is required in this case because geopolitics is nothing like a Shakespearean drama or a cheap morality play but, realization is something which can help the nation grow better, and its structure becomes stronger than ever. All authoritative candidates as of yet have made some serious mistakes in upholding the country first. Although they are not responsible for the country's decline, they cannot wash their hands off the problems. The design to improve military supremacy, for instance, is still workable, but it needs serious changes (Drezner 2013). But what is the position of the United States of America today? In spite of all the turbulence, in spite of all the power shifts, in spite of the negative effects of globalization brought in with the rise of America, the nation is still considered a chief Superpower, evidently THE superpower. It is the worlds leader for FDI having a value of 180 billion dollars, twice as much as its nearest competitor. The country spends 560 billion dollars a year providing for and improving its military. It has the most powerful military in the world. Its GDP is twice as much as China's (Cooley and Snyder 2015). It is the world's first new nation, and it has the longest functioning democracy in the world of semi-democratic and non-democratic countries. In spite of recession, its stock market in on an all-time high as we speak which reflects leadership in global economy. Who can ever challenge Americas role as the global leader? The Europeans? Or maybe the Russians or the Japanese? The truth about the situation is that EU has 12% unemployment rate, which is on an extended high point in Greece and Spain-a whopping 26%. Then there is no economic growth and diminishing population. The Japanese are also suffering from a declining and rapidly aging population. There is almost no immigration in the country. Economic growth is slow, and the Nikkei Index is many points below the level of 1988. Then there is debt. About Russia, it is still trying to control its own border. Sure, it is coming to limelight sometimes, but that does not bring it into the superpower arena. It has a trade profile of a third world country, a small GNP that is less than 15% of the United States and it has no soft power or technical advantage or Hollywood or high end universities (KovaÄ  2016). However, there is China and India, right? That is far from truth because although both the countries have made serious progress in the past few decades, they also have serious problems. China has almost 650 million of its population living in the impoverished countryside, a GDP/capita of $6,100 and 87th place in the world based on the GDP/capita rates. This rate is a mere 12% of America's GDP/capita rate. There is corruption in the country, single-party communist rule, mismanaged social structure and lack of mass creativity (Kubiszewski et al. 2013). India, on the other hand, is burdened with its huge impoverished population. Almost 70% of the population lives in the poor countryside with minimal facilities. Electricity, sanitation or even water is an out of reach commodity for 160 million people in the country. The rate of illiteracy is high in the country; almost 35% of all women in the country are illiterate. The infrastructure is weak, with a GDP/capita of a low $1,500 India is a t the 138th place in the world economy. Moreover, there is a lot of corruption, rapid population growth, and a failing administrative structure (MEDIANU et al. 2015.). Can the two countries challenge America? The facts say not in the next few decades. Therefore, there is no one to stand in the way of Americas supremacy; and even with an imperfect infrastructure and power structure, Americas lead will prevail in the near future. But the critics argue over this unipolarity. Is it effective? Yes. But does it have an allover positive impact? Not likely. Critics argue about the notion of unipolarity in that it creates internal divisions in the international arena, which in turn creates a habit of shoving and forcing ideas and theories on suspecting as well as unsuspecting masses (Bilgel 2014). The single most powerful nation in the world is capable of doing this very unethical thing. Historical facts about socio-economic politics and inequalities in the international system support this notion. Earlier holders of world supremacy have behaved the same way. The super powers of the yesteryear dominated using imperialism, which gave rise to colonialism. The result was unrelenting socio-economic inequality. The ripple effect of the same is still visible. Although Americas lead is more ideological than imperial, the attempts to force its military prowess on the world for imperialistic motives and needs are quite unnerving, and the situation threatens to worsen at any given time. There is domination, and then there is coercion, which points at instability in the international arena. The countries at the forefront are afraid to lose their hold over the world. This also highlights that world politics is all about domination. The power America holds over the world is something to be aware of and afraid of because anytime a threat is felt from any other nation, the dominating nation will act up to subdue the threat and in the act many other countries will suffer. With all the money in the world in its hand, the US is building a strong, menacing and domineering army, strong hold in the international arena, stiff position in the geo-political base and a stable international infrastructure so that any other country cannot challenge its power in the international field of politics, culture, geo-politics and economy (Friedberg 2013). The US has its own problems, and there are some mistakes on its daily diary. Capitalist structure points at weak interactive base with the commoners. There are a lot of unhappy commoners in the USA, and that is why the government is subjected to a lot of scrutiny all the time. A single mistake can topple the government, and that is why the government policies are strengthening the country every day. The focus is on maintaining America's stronghold on world supremacy. The mistakes of the nation have not decreased in number, but the country is becoming strong enough to function even with the mistakes and the problems. The fact, however, is that the world has become more peaceful with US intervention, or so it seems. That is why ending the supremacy is not in the "to do" list of many countries struggling to maintain overall peace and order. Sympathizers and idealists contest with non-believers saying that the rise to supremacy has given the US the power to re-assert its position in the global map as a powerful democracy. But liberal students and believers argue that although the US has served as an international umbrella for the developed, developing and underdeveloped nations of the world, it has also misused its power to grow in size, in volume, economically and politically. The truth remains undiscovered. But the only truth that shines through this essay is that the United States of America is an all powerful nation full of possibilities, and the Supremacy the nation is enjoying is here to stay. So, we can conclude on a note that reveals America's present, past and future position in the power structure of the world. References Bilgel, Y., 2014.Regional power politics after the Cold War(Doctoral dissertation, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO). Carton, J., 2014. A Review of Confronting America: The Cold War Between the United States and the Communists in France and Italy, by Alessandro Brogi.American Communist History,13(2-3), pp.209-211. Cooley, A. and Snyder, J., 2015. Rank Has Its Privileges.Foreign Affairs,94(6), p.15. Davis, L.E., 2015.The Cold War Begins: Soviet-American Conflict Over East Europe. Princeton University Press. Drezner, D.W., 2013. Military Primacy Doesn't Pay (Nearly As Much As You Think).International Security,38(1), pp.52-79. Forbes.com. (2016).Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/11/24/why-the-u-s-remains-the-worlds-unchallenged-superpower/#79e3ca061fd8 [Accessed 14 Mar. 2016]. Friedberg, A.L., 2013. A contest for supremacy.EDUCATION ABOUT ASIA,18(3). Kawa, L., 2013. Americas Infrastructure Ranks... 25th In The World.Business Insider,16. KovaÄ , I., 2016. Book Review: The End of American World Order.Political Studies Review,14(1), pp.78-79. Kubiszewski, I., Costanza, R., Franco, C., Lawn, P., Talberth, J., Jackson, T. and Aylmer, C., 2013. Beyond GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress.Ecological Economics,93, pp.57-68. MEDIANU, D., WANG, J. and WHALLEY, J., 2015. The Contribution of China, India, and Brazil to Narrowing NorthSouth Differences in GDP/capita, World Trade Shares, and Market Capitalization We are grateful to the Ontario Research Fund and to a research group at the University of Western Ontario for comments. InWORLD SCIENTIFIC REFERENCE ON ASIA AND THE WORLD ECONOMY(pp. 129-154). Mingst, K.A. and Arregun-Toft, I.M., 2013.Essentials of International Relations: Sixth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Nathan, A.J. and Scobell, A., 2012. How China Sees America.Foreign Affairs,91(5), pp.32-47. Ong, R., 2013.China's security interests in the post-cold war era. Routledge. Pape, R., 2014. Soft balancing against the United States.The Realism Reader,30(1), p.406. Rachman, G., 2012. Think again: American decline.The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence,47. Smith, T., 2012.A pact with the devil: Washington's bid for world supremacy and the betrayal of the American promise. Routledge. Tang, S. and Long, S.J., 2012. Americas military interventionism: A social evolutionary interpretation.European Journal of International Relations,18(3), pp.509-538. Whitfield, S.J., 2014. Prophesying war: how convincing is The Power Elite?.Society,51(5), pp.539-546.' Xuetong, Y., 2013. The Shift of the World Centre and its Impact on the Change of the International System.East Asia,30(3), pp.217-235.